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Determinant
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Odd ratio, 95% confidence interval
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Unadjusteda
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Multivariable Adjustedb
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Type of index operation (reference SG)
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AGB
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0.62 (0.38–1.03)
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0.20 (0.11–0.34)
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RYGB
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4.18 (3.46–5.06)
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2.95 (2.33–3.74)
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Care setting of index operation (reference Outpatient)
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Inpatient
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0.90 (0.73–1.11)
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0.37 (0.27–0.50)
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Year of index operation (reference 2011)
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2012
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0.75 (0.57–0.98)
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0.86 (0.61–1.21)
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2013
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0.41 (0.30–0.56)
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0.47 (0.32–0.70)
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2014
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0.47 (0.35–0.64)
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0.49 (0.33–0.71)
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2015
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0.49 (0.36–0.66)
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0.57 (0.38–0.85)
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2016
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0.29 (0.21–0.41)
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0.43 (0.19–0.99)
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2017
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0.29 (0.20–0.40)
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0.34 (0.15–0.78)
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2018
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0.46 (0.32–0.68)
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0.68 (0.29–1.61)
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ICD-CM coding era (reference ICD-10-CM)c
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ICD-9-CM
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2.00 (1.64–2.44)
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1.44 (0.71–2.90)
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Age at index operation (reference 18–44 y)
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45–64
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2.18 (1.71–2.79)
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3.54 (2.65–4.72)
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65+
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13.28 (10.37–17.01)
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25.63 (17.11–38.39)
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Sex (reference male)
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Female
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0.46 (0.38–0.55)
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0.41 (0.32–0.52)
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Race/ethnicity (reference White)
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Asian
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3.79 (2.49–5.76)
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3.98 (2.19–7.22)
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Black
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0.74 (0.57–0.96)
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0.91 (0.66–1.25)
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Hispanic
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0.69 (0.51–0.94)
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0.99 (0.68–1.44)
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Unknown
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0.95 (0.58–1.58)
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1.14 (0.62–2.10)
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Region of residence (reference northeast)
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Midwest
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1.70 (1.21–2.39)
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1.46 (0.96–2.24)
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South
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1.40 (1.02–1.92)
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1.57 (1.05–2.36)
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West
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1.47 (1.01–2.14)
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1.39 (0.87–2.22)
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Type of insurance (reference Medicare Advantage)
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Commercial
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0.38 (0.32–0.45)
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0.93 (0.68–1.29)
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Charlson-Elixhauser comorbidity score (reference ≤ − 1)
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0
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2.22 (1.42–3.47)
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2.52 (1.53–4.13)
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1+
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5.59 (3.70–8.44)
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6.11 (3.79–9.86)
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Number of hospital stays in the last 6 months (reference 0)
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1
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7.54 (5.98–9.51)
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10.39 (3.97–27.21)
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2+
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23.15 (17.06–31.40)
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13.18 (6.12–28.37)
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Length of hospital stays in the last 6 months (reference 0)
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1–4
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4.70 (3.39–6.53)
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0.28 (0.09–0.91)
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5+
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17.49 (13.96–21.93)
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--d
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Comorbid conditions
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Diabetes
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0.53 (0.38–0.73)
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0.25 (0.17–0.37)
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Hypertension
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0.58 (0.48–0.68)
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0.49 (0.38–0.64)
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GERD
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0.58 (0.49–0.69)
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0.81 (0.65–1.00)
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NAFLD
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0.38 (0.28–0.52)
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0.35 (0.25–0.50)
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PCOS
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--e
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0.10 (0.01–0.69)
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PE
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2.84 (1.80–4.49)
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1.63 (0.86–3.09)
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Anxiety
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0.47 (0.38–0.59)
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0.72 (0.55–0.94)
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DVT
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3.63 (2.36–5.58)
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1.18 (0.61–2.30)
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Depression
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0.47 (0.38–0.59)
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0.56 (0.43–0.74)
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Dyslipidemia
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0.61 (0.51–0.72)
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0.46 (0.36–0.58)
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Eating disorder
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--e
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0.07 (0.02–0.21)
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Infertility
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--e
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--e
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Kidney disease
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4.61 (3.76–5.66)
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1.92 (1.41–2.63)
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Osteoarthritis
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0.42 (0.26–0.67)
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0.38 (0.22–0.65)
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Psychotic disorder
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0.70 (0.45–1.10)
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0.60 (0.35–1.03)
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Substance use disorder
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1.95 (1.43–2.65)
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2.13 (1.39–3.27)
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Sleep apnea
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0.07 (0.05–0.09)
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0.06 (0.04–0.09)
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Smoker
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2.15 (1.58–2.93)
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1.64 (1.08–2.50)
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- Abbreviations: AGB adjusted gastric banding, DVT deep vein thrombosis, GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease, NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, PCOS polycystic ovarian syndrome, PE pulmonary embolism, RYGB Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, SG sleeve gastrectomy
- a Logistic regression models included only the variables under consideration
- b Logistic regression models adjusted for all variables listed in table
- c The ICD-9-CM era refers to the period prior to October 1, 2015, and the ICD-10-CM era refers to the period starting from October 1, 2015
- d The variable was removed from the model because it was as a linear combination of other variables included
- e Estimates are not provided because cells with 10 or fewer patients have been suppressed to maintain the de-identification nature of the database
